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РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ВОЛГОГРАДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ...»

Иногда в русском языке глагол требует дополнение с предлогом, а в английском - нет:

This question was answered immediately. На этот вопрос ответили немедленно.

EXERCISES

VI А-5. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. This phenomenon will be spoken about.
2. The reliability of this method will be insisted upon.
3. The excursion to exhibition was insisted on by many students.
4. He is taken care of by his sister.
5. The theory of relativity is referred to later
6. The article was spoken about by many reporters.
7. Many substances can be destroyed when they are acted upon.
8. Probably the decision will be arrived at after much discussion.
9. The book is thought of as most interesting.
10. She may be relied on in a situation like this.
11. This opinion should be relied on.
12. The experiment was watched by many students.
13. We were joined by a large group of tourists.
14. This discovery was followed by another one.
15. The neutron is completely unaffected by a magnetic field.
16. The behavior of this particle is influencet by various factors.

VI A-6. Определите Tense, Aspect, Voice. Переведите на русский язык.

	is produced.
	produces
	will have been produced
	is producing
The program	has produced
	has been produced
	had been produced
	is being produced
	produced

VI A-7. Образуйте от глагола to ask подобную "цепочку" сказуемых к подлежащему student. Переведите на русский язык полученные пары S+PR.

VI А-8 Переведите на русский язык

was reflected, shall be done, began, did not develop, saw, have been distinguished, has had, will see, determines, are published, was recognized, am provided, shall be extended, wrote, did not move, to expose, had done, have been mentioned, has seen, will begin, moves, are examined, did not enter, containts, had exposed, were being extended, are taken, enters, will occur, was estimated, approved, shall develop, did not begin, exists, has separated, were being modified, are studied, preferred, will vary, was observed, increased, shall be taken, to depend on, will believe, shall prove, developed, shall have recognized, were being asked, will be determined, shall be doing, does not deal, have thought, contain, will catch, shall grow, entered, shall move, were being asked, will be exposed, shall be moving, does not observe, does not depend, were being modified, wrote, reads, will come, will be tested, shall begin, was inhabited, is examining, was having, have been housed, has been done, will have, had, does not have, has not done, shall do, have to do, has had, shall take, had to give, were having, have been observed, has been modified, shall expose, moved, does not have, had not examined, shall depend, have to be observed, has begun, will be recognized, had to mention

Module B.

Listening

Festivals/celebrations

Read the sentences, then listen to the tape and fill in the missing information

A. The Rio Carnival takes place before the……………..of Lent

B. Oktoberfest begins in…………………..

C. The Fallas Fiesta is a(n)……………………….event celebrating the end of the winter.

D. The Tibetan Butter Lamp Festival demonstrates the idea that not even the most beautiful things …………………………..for ever.

E. The Dragon Boat Festival honours the memory of a politician and…….., Qu Xuan.

Reading

You are going to read some information about some festival! For questions 1 - 10, choose from the festivals (A-E). Some of the festivals may be chosen more than once. When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order. There is an example at the beginning (1).

Which festival(s):

marks the death of a particular person?		E
gives people a large variety to choose from?
are meant to remind people of something?
involve a competition?
makes unusual use of a food?
now takes place in a building?
marks the beginning of a season?
marks the beginning of a religious period?
probably dates back longer than was previously thought?
involve dressing up in special costumes?

The Festive Year

A. Rio Carnival in Brazil	A
This festival is by far the largest in the world. Hundreds of thousands of visitors come every year for the celebrations before the start of Lent, (a fasting period of forty days before Easter). The carnival takes place in the Sambadrome, a huge new stadium. There, samba schools compete with each other for the best costumes and dancing. They spend a lot of time and money on carnival preparations, making fantastic costumes, masks, decorations, mobile floats and teaching the samba. In the past, the carnival procession was held in the streets of Rio, where beauti­fully clothed people threw streamers and confetti and danced for four days. Nowadays, the world's biggest street party has become a pleasure only for those who can afford the entrance fee.
B. Oktoberfest	B
Foreign beer-lovers might think that the Germans are unimaginative when it comes to beer because, good as it is, it all seems to taste very similar. There are, howev­er, many regional and seasonal differences, particular­ly in Bavaria and Munich. Oktoberfest, the world's largest beer festival, actually begins in September and, to mark the occasion, each of Munich's many breweries makes a special beer. Because of this, an astonishing variety of different types and strengths of beer are available at this festival.
C. The Fallas Festival	C
The most spectacular of Spain's thousands of festivals must be Valencia's Fallas Fiesta, a two-day event cele­brating the end of winter. The Fallas Fiesta and street party start at noon on St. Joseph's Day, 19th March, with a deafening explosion of fireworks. Then there are con­tests for the best paella - a traditional Valencian rice dish. People gather (n the streets to admire the costumes of the men dressed up as the Moors who occupied the city until the 13th century. In the months before the fiesta, crafts­men create around 370 papier mache sculptures, the fal­las, which are detailed caricatures of local people. At midnight, when the fallas are burnt, the burst of flames and fireworks symbolically forces out the winter.
D. The Tibetan Butter Lamp Festival	D
Buddhists believe that nothing is permanent, and on the 9th of March they celebrate this belief. Long before the festival begins, monks make their preparations by mixing brightly-coloured dyes into huge quantities of iced butter. It takes them several months to carve the frozen butter into highly decorated statues, some of them as much as 8 metres high. On the day of the festival itself, the sculptures - supported by wooden frames are carried through the streets and greeted with cheers from the excited crowds. Afterwards, the figures are thrown into a river by the monks who made them to demonstrate the idea that not even the most beautiful things last forever.
E. The Dragon Boat Festival	E
In China, towards the end of June, people celebrate a holiday known as the Dragon Boat Festival. The festival is held to honour the memory of Qu Xuan, a politician and poet who, in the year 278 B.C., is said to have commit­ted suicide- by jumping into a river. It is said that local people threw rice dumplings into the water to save Xuan's soul from the evil spirits in the river. Nowadays, boat races are held every year to remind people of the search for the body of the dead poet. Spectators eat rice cakes and crews row large dragon-shaped boats. Some researchers, however, say that dragon boats existed long before the death of Qu Xuan, and the modern festival is a combination of several old traditions.

Vocabulary Practice

1. Look at the words in bold in the text and try to explain them.
2. Fill in the correct word from the list below:

regional	souls	occupied
available	contest	carve
afford	sculpture	supported
dyes	permanent

1. Many African tribes masks to wear during particular celebrations. (shape out of wood)
2. Many religions have holidays which honour the …………………of the dead. (spirits)
3. The tickets for the jazz festival were so expensive that we couldn't ……………. to go. (pay for sth)
4. The huge ice castle which was made for the winter carnival was................. by a wooden framework. (helped to stand up)
5. In Britain, there are many differences in the way people speak. (local)
6. The performers used blue, red and yellow to change their hair colour for the festival. (colours)
7. To celebrate the harvest, the town's largest bakery held a(n) ……………..for the best apple pie. (competition)
8. The artist's won first prize in the city's art festival. (carving)
9. They built a monument as a(n) reminder of the soldiers who died in the war. (lasting forever)
10. All sorts of food are at our local spring festival. (obtainable)
11. The city was …………….for months by the enemy. (conquered and held)

3. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the words only once.

street evil to make to mark

to honour to greet beautifully clothed deafening

to commit boat by far entrance

1 2 3 4 5 6

the occasion the procession people the largest the memory of sb fee

7 8 9 10 11 12

suicide spirits races a(n) explosion preparations with cheers

4. Underline the correct word.
1. Their traditional suits/costumes are covered with beautiful embroidery.
2. The religious procession/process made its way through the narrow streets of the town.
3. The crowd composed/gathered to watch the acrobat perform.
4. I'll always remind/remember their beautiful wedding.
5. Let's meet at the entry/entrance of the concert hall.
5. Fill in the correct preposition, then choose any five items and make sentences.

1) to throw sth …….sb (in order to catch); 2) to throw sth ……sb (in order to hit); 3) to remind sb ……….sth; 4) to search..sth; 5) a combination ………..sth; 6) to combine sth ……………sth else 7) …………..September; 8) ……….noon; 9) the streets; 10) …...midnight; 11) …………9th March; 12) to compete …………..sb

Talking Points

Using the following headings, make notes about each of the festivals. Then tell your partner about one of them. Start like this: The... festival takes place on... in.... It is held to...

date location reason activities

UNIT VII

Module A. Анализ сказуемого с точки зрения наклонения. (Mood)

В английском языке (как и в русском) сказуемое имеет такую характеристику, как наклонение. Существуют 3 вида наклонения: изъявительное, повелительное и сослагательное. Соответственно: indicative, imperative, subjunctive.

Повелительное наклонение (Imperative Mood)

Все, что мы с вами изучали до настоящего момента, относилось к indicative Mood.

Что же такое Imperative Mood?

В повелительном (Imperative Mood) наклонении сказуемое выражает не действие или состояние, а:

• призыв к действию;

• просьбу;

• приказ;

• совет и т д.

Это – единственный случай, когда в английском предложении отсутствует подлежащее; у глагола нет соотнесенности с определенным временем, т. е. к Present, Past и Future (как в Indicative Mood).

We often go to the park for a walk.///Park the car in the street.

They write the program in DELPHI.///Write the program in DELPHI.

Отсутствие Subject в английском языке – это признак imperative.

Повелительное наклонение может быть и в отрицательной форме:

Don't take this book from the shelf. Don’t be so stupid.

Иногда предложения в повелительном наклонении начинаются с предлога:

Before that, change the cartridge.

For an answer, get in touch with this Web site.

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ: Особенно часто Imperative Mood употребляется в различных инструкциях, руководствах к эксплуатации и т.д. Например:

Press button № 3 first – Нажмите сначала кнопку №3

EXERCISES

Найдите примеры в Imperative Mood и переведите их на русский язык

VII А-1.	VII А-2
The table is big and round.	Table these figures
Cleaning tables is also his duty	Don't splash water around the wash-basin.
Splashing water he rushed to the shore	We don't splash water when we wash ourselves
Splashes got everywhere.	Please, stop the tape-recorder.
Stops on the road are not numerous.	When listening to the tape don't stop to take notes.
First, apologize for the mess you have made	First, he apologised for the mess.
Apologies were taken wrong	Better mind your own business
Better your results	The better you do it the sooner you get home
Better don't do it now	Better you do it first!
Therefore, for a check, open your text-book on page 127.	Having been misused the check was to be put to the cutter.
Check on this exersise now.	Get dressed quickly.
Whatever you get for it get it at once.	It's not as easy as it gets.

Иногда предложение в повелительном наклонении начинается с глагола let, который переводится на русский язык, как 'Давайте', 'Пусть", 'Позвольте" :

Let's start with Web site dealing with our library – Давайте начнём с Web сайта, относящегося к нашей библиотеке.

VII А-3. Переведите данные примеры в Imperative на русский язык.

1. Let us (let's) speak English
2. Let John do it!
3. Let him come
4. Let them translate the text
5. Don't let them come!
6. Let her take it!
7. Don't measure this value
8. Let Mary bring the book.
9. Please, put down your address
10. Let's have some coffee.
11. Don't let him interfere you

Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive Mood)

Показывает, что говорящий рассматривает действие не как реальный факт, а как желательное, предполагаемое, условное или возможное.

В русском языке для выражения сослагательного наклонения употребляется форма глагола в прошедшем времени с частицей бы или придаточное предложение с союзом чтобы.

Каковы сигнальные призники сослагательного наклонения?

глагол be в форме инфинитива без частицы to или were на месте сказуемого (I were, He be) отсутствие окончания -s у глаголов после существительных и местоимений третьего лица (He write) наличие компонентов should, would, could модальные глаголы might, ought to, need с последующим have

Сослагательное наклонение может выражать действие, относящееся к любому времени, при условии, что оно не предшествует моменту речи.

I would do it today. Я бы сделал это сегодня

В этом случае используются формы, перечисленные выше.

Для выражения прошедшего действия, предшествующие моменту речи используются перфектные формы инфинитива.

I should have done it yesterday, but I was busy. Мне бы следовало это сделать вчера, но я был занят.

Сигнальные признаки subjunctive:

Соотносящие действие с настоящим или будущим временем		Соотносящие действие с прошедшим временем
1-й или единственный компонент	1-й компонент	1-й компонент
be*	would	would
do	might	might		+have+
were**	ought to	ought to		3-я форма
did	could	could		глагола
2-я форма любого глагола	should	should
1-я форма любого глагола
work, write***		had(been)+ 3-я форма глагола

Примечания:

* - всегда однозначный признак

** - является однозначным, если подлежащее стоит в единственном числе или весь контекст относится к настоящему времени или будущему

***является однозначным признаком, если подлежащее стоит в 3 л. ед. числа - he, she, it

EXERCISES

VII A-4 Укажите сказуемые, которые имеют однозначные сигнальные признаки настоящего или будущего времени Subjunctive Mood

	is speaking		would have informed
	had spoken		could inform
	could speak	we	are informed
He	be spoken		informed
	speaks		will be informed
	was spoken
	might speak
	were spoken

VII A-5. Укажите сказуемые, которые имеют сигнальные признаки прошедшего времени Subjunctive Mood.

	could have said		would address	will say
	should have addressed		had said	should address
She	say	They	didn't address	were said
	have addressed		said	be addressed
	were said		might have addressed	ought to have said

VII A-6. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Поясните, к какому времени относится действие, выраженное сказуемым в Subjunctive Mood.

1. He suggested that these data be included.

2. He considers that these data could be included.

3. He thought that this data should be included.

4. I wish you did this task.

5. I wish you had done this task.

6. We would be glad to see you.

7. She might have come on time.

Все вышеупомянутые сигнальные признаки Subjunctive Mood являются однозначными, если они употребляются в сочетании. Обычно это происходит в придаточных предложениях условия.

If it were a professional librarian, document characteristics would be identified very quickly. Если бы это был профессиональный библиотекарь, то характеристики этого документа определили бы очень быстро (действие относится к настоящему или будущему времени - условие ещё выполнимое)

If it had been a professional librarian, document characteristics would have been identified very quickly. Действие относится к прошлому, условие уже не выполнимо. На русский язык это предложение переводится точно так же.

VII А-7. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. If indexing systems collected this information, metadata could be attached to files.
2. It is essential that this site include a map or a table.
3. He wishes that this site be visited once more.
4. Our library would be glad to have its own site on the Web.
5. Provided Web crawler had found the desired article we would have had proper bibliographic reference.
6. Web crawler could have examined information in a proper way in case its structure hadn't changed.
7. We proposed a Metadata elements should be simpler.
8. If the author was alive today he would be now a hundred years old!
9. If you were making some text analysis which method would you prefer to use?
10. Had I known this fact before, I would not have made this mistake.

Использование сослагательного наклонения

1. В простых предложениях:

- пожелания:

Long live the Queen! Да здравствует королева!

If only it were possible! Если бы только это было возможным!

- отдельные выражения:

Be it so! Да будет так!

Suffice it to say that... Достаточно сказать, что...

Far be it from me to contradict you У меня и в мыслях нет вам противоречить.

2. В сложных предложениях:

- с нереальным условием, относящихся к настоящему или будущему времени

The world would be healthier if every chemist's shop in England were demolished

Человечество было бы здоровее, если бы все аптеки в Англии были уничтожены

- с нереальным условием, относящихся к прошедшему времени

If you had checked the results properly at that point of your research you would not have found yourself in such awkward situation at yesterday's conference

Если бы ты тщательно проверил результаты на том этапе исследования, ты бы не попал в такую неловкую ситуацию, как на вчерашней конференции

- с нереальным условием смешанного типа

If you had checked the results properly at that point of your research you wouldn't have to rewrite it all now (it would be almost ready now)

Если бы ты тщательно проверил результаты на том этапе исследования, тебе не пришлось бы сейчас все переписывать.(все было бы теперь почти готово)

в обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях могут быть использованы союзы: if, in case, provided, suppose, unless, -

Suppose these data were collected without any technologies applied, would it be possible to check them properly?

Предположим, эти данные были бы собраны без применения технологий, возможно ли было бы их проверить надлежащим образом?

It could be done provided he consented to conduct this experiment

Это можно было бы сделать при условии, что он согласился бы провести этот эксперимент.

- с инверсионным порядком слов при использовании had, were, could, should

Had it remained unchanged, we wouldn't have to alter it now = If it had remained...

Should it come this way, I will be ready to give it up = If it comes this way..

This file could be easily transferred were it not that corrupted =...if it were not that corrupted

- с обстоятельственными придаточными цели, уступки, времени и места

He opened the lab door quietly so that he might not disturb them - Он тихонько открыл дверь в лабораторию, чтобы их не потревожить

Whatever obstacles may arise we shall not give in - Какие бы препятствия ни встали на нашем пути, они нас не остановят

- с придаточными в роли дополнения

I wished I had done it more thoroughly -Жаль, что я не сделал это как следует

He wishes you would stay away from it - Он бы хотел, чтобы вы держались от этого подальше

She fears lest she should be blamed - она боится, как бы ее не осудили

He ordered that everything should be done on time - Он приказал, чтобы все было готово вовремя

The people demand that the resignation be accepted - Народ требует, чтобы отставка была принята

- с придаточными в роли определения

It is time we prepared a report - Нам пора приготовить доклад

EXERCISES

VII A-8. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1. Oh, if only you were as you used to be.
2. I wish you would turn the radio down.
3. It's desirable that the issue should be settled as soon as possible.
4. He asked me to stay with him so that he could read his condlusions to me when they were finished.
5. He feared that after twenty years he would not find his way to that deserted place
6. We knew very well what the reason was, but wanted to act as though we had no idea of it.
7. He insisted that people in plays should talk as they talked in real life.
8. I wish I had seen more of them before the war.
9. Now if I got this programmer sacked, this of course would mean telling everybody what he did.
10. "I'm afraid I can't stay," I said. "If I stayed I would have to tell things that they would not like and that could spoil their fun."
11. It was agreed that Paul would meet the delegation at the station so that he would show them their apartments.
12. I would not tell you anything even if I could remember the facts.
13. It would help if you let me know what you saw.
14. I know I've broken your plans. And you might have been so successful with it.
15. He was afraid that he would forget the title of the article and asked me to put it down for him.
16. He was not well off and he went about in dread lest he should be
17. I wish I had a lot of money. I would not live another day in here.
18. In my reply to Miss Evans I suggested that she should arrive at my office on Monday.
19. Edward proposed that he fetched Bates at five so that they would drive out together to Jack's house.
20. It would make small difference to the universe if I never existed.
21. There were moments when she wished she had never started that talk.

Module B.

Listening

Disasters and accidents

Read the text below and try to guess the correct answers. Then listen to the tape and check if your guesses were correct.

A massive earthquake occurred on January 17, 1) 1994/1984 in Los Angeles. The quake killed 2) 76/60 people and caused $20 3) billion/million worth of damage. The cause of the earth quake was movement in the San Andreas fault system. The fault is a 4) crack/hole between two huge pieces of the Earth's crust. One of these pieces is under the 5) Atlantic/Pacific Ocean.

If an earthquake does occur, authorities advise people to stay 6) calm/still. Being in a quake is a(n) 7) traumatic/exciting experience. Psychologists say that some people are 8) scared/excited all the time after experiencing an earthquake, while others try to persuade themselves that it 9) will/won't happen again. Unfortunately there is a 10) 90%/19% chance of at least one more earthquake happening in California in the next thirty years.

Reading

You are going to read a magazine article about earthquakes. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A - G the one which fits each gap (1-5). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Earthquake in l.a

At 4.31 in the morning on January 17, 1994, the full impact of a massive earthquake measuring 6.7 on the Richter scale hit the community of Northridge in Los Angeles. It was an unwelcome wake-up call for everyone in the city. One resident, Rosemary Sato, was shaken awake in her bed to the sound of tremors violently rocking her house. When she got up she found that the quake had blown open her front door and thrown her furniture around like toys. 0_____________E___________________ However, the damage wasn't restricted to Northridge. Across the city the quake killed sixty people, destroyed or severely damaged more than 3,000 homes, and brought down ten highway bridges. Many people were trapped under debris. The cost of the damage was estimated to be $20 billion. The cause of this quake was movement in the San Andreas fault system. The fault is a crack between two giant pieces of the Earth's crust. One of these pieces, most of which is situated under the Pacific Ocean, is moving at an average of about four centimetres every year. 1_________________________________ The good news is that the Californian authorities are taking these predictions seriously. Engineers are working to strengthen the steel frames of buildings and other structures such as bridges. Hopefully, this will lead to less structural damage during the next quake. 2_________________________________ During a quake it is important to stay calm, as panic leads to rash actions which may result in injury or even death. 3_________________________________ Levon Jernazian, a clinical psychologist, helps people to deal with the effects of this trauma. For weeks after the Northridge quake, one of his patients, Ani Shakhverdyan, aged eight, would still cling to her parents, was terrified of the dark and would not even go to the bathroom alone. 4_________________________________ Other survivors of quakes deal with their fears in a different way. They tell themselves that it won't happen again. 5_________________________________ Little does she realise that in California, with the chances of anoth­er severe quake at 90 per cent in the next thirty years, she is very likely to experience at least one more.

A In one session, Ani was asked to draw a picture of her fears. She drew a big rat. Then Levon Jernazian told her to cut the picture of the rat into pieces, bum it, and then jump on the remains. Ani did what he suggested and her fears became less intense. B Unfortunately, this movement isn't slow and continuous, but occurs In bursts, which result in earthquakes. And to make matters worse, scientists not only expect more earthquakes in the near future, but also more powerful ones. C People are advised to stay where they are and, if possible, to take shelter under a bed or table. However, for many it is difficult to get rid of the terror of experiencing an earthquake. After the Northridge quake, thousands of Californians even left the state, and many of those who stayed have experienced what Is now known as “earthquake trauma”. D One woman's reaction was, “I'm not scared anymore. Also, it's similar to being in a plane crash. What are your chances of being in another?]” E Another resident of the community, who lived in a three-storey apartment block, recalls the top two floors of the building crashing down onto his first-floor apartment. “A wall fell on me," he said, "I couldn't move my head. 1 was trapped for five hours with Injuries to my lungs, ribs, and collar-bone.” F Amazingly enough, nobody noticed it apart from scientists who were studying the seismic activity. However, one man did report that his dog had started to howl at the time the quake was said to have started. G The residents of California are also preparing themselves for the next big one. They are buying emergency supplies, nailing down their belongings and making plans for what they should do in the event of another quake.

Vocabulary Practice

1. Look at the words in bold in the text and try to explain them.
2. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below:

impact howling rocked intense

restricted estimated strengthened

recalled survivors of cling

1. The………………..heat from the blazing house made it difficult for the fire-fighters to advance. (extreme)
2. The buildings closest to the bomb…………………violently when it exploded, (shook)
3. Because John was wearing protective clothing, his injuries were to his arms and legs. (limited)
4. You could hear dogs…………………just before the earthquake started. (crying)
5. You exact number of dead people is unknown, but the figure is…………..to be 400. (roughly guessed)
6. The earthquake experts insist that all buildings should be ……….with steel rods. (made stronger)
7. The …………the plane crash were rushed to the hospital by helicopter. (people who didn't die in)
8. When the earthquake struck, Susan ran to………………….to her mother for comfort. (hold on tightly)
9. “The full…………..of the nuclear explosion is not yet known," said the reporter. (effect)
10. The police asked Claire if she…………..ever having seen the man before. (remembered)

3. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the words only once.

steel seismic to take

shelter massive to make

to blow crust wake-up

front to stay plane

1. a……….….…..earthquake 2..……...sth seriously 3. …………….matters worse 4. the Earth's……..…………. 5. to take………..…under sth 6. …a…………………….call

7. ……………….………frames 8. a ……………….………crash 9. ………………….…..sth open 10. the………………………door 11. ………………………….calm 12. ……………………….activity

4. Find the odd word out.

1. notice, observe, watch, think
2. terrified, scared, thrilled, horrified
3. big, enormous, huge, tiny
4. effect, consequence, cause, result

5. Fill in the correct preposition, then choose any four items and make sentences.

1) to be restricted…………..an area; 2) to lead…………….sth; 3) to result …………..sth; 4) to deal………………..sb/sth; 5) to cling…………….sb; 6) to be ………….terrified sth; 7) to get rid………..sth.

Talking Points

1. Read the whole text again and make notes under the following headings, then report the incident.

what – when – where – details of the event – people involved – action taken –comments by those affected

2. How can we protect ourselves against earthquakes before or while they are happening?!

UNIT VIII

Module A. Анализ сказуемого с модальным глаголом

В английском языке существует группа глаголов, отличающихся от всех остальных, как по формальным характеристикам, так и по сути. Эти глаголы называются модальными (Modal Verbs) и их особенности заключаются в том, что:

1) Они не обозначают действие или состояние как все другие глаголы, а нечто совершенно другое: разрешение, моральный и прочий долг, умственную способность и т.д. (см. конкретный глагол).

2) Они не имеют формы инфинитива и всех временных форм (для восполнения недостающего времени используется соответствующий эквивалент модального глагола).

3) Для образования отрицательных или вопросительных форм им не нужен вспомогательный глагол.

4) После них инфинитив другого глагола употребляется без частицы to

Must – должен, надо или возможно, должно быть;

Everybody must do it. Everybody must be given it. He must have answered all questions.

Эквиваленты must – to have – употребляется в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени, to be to – в настоящем и прошедшем времени

everybody had to do it

has to do it

will have to do it

is to do it

was to do it

В отрицательной форме must употребляется ограниченно.

На вопрос Must he do it? отрицательной форме надо ответить No, he needn’t

Must – осознаваемое говорящим внутреннее долженствование,

To have to – долженствование с оттенком вынужденности, внешних обстоятельств,

То be to – долженствование вследствие договорённости, по расписанию и т.д.

Сравните:

I must leave now - I’m visiting my friend who is at hospital.

I have to leave now - my boss is waiting for me to print the documents.

I am to leave the office at 5 p.m. and not earlier.

Can ( наст. вр) – могу; could (прош.вр) - мог бы (физическая или умственная способность, разрешение)

Students can translate this text without a dictionary - ( Students can't translate this text without a dictionary.)

Can I take this postcard?

We could find this site on the Web. I could have completed my report yesterday.

Эквивалент can – to be able to употребляется во всех трёх временах, но имеет несколько другое значение:

I can do this work but now I am not able to.

He could swim when he was 7. He was not able to swim because of his broken leg.

В будущем времени употребляется только to be able to:

Next week we will be able to go hiking.

May (наст.вр. ) может – might (наст. вр. ) – мог, (разрешение, предположение)

We may be late for the lesson.

Форма might употребляется только в косвенной речи в значении разрешения; в других случаях might означает предположительное действие.

Сравните:

We might get in touch with them quickly. Мы могли бы соединится с ними быстро.

He asked if he might come the next day. Он спросил, можно ли ему прийти на следующий день.

Эквивалент may – to be allowed to употребляется во всеx трех временах. В прошедшем и будущем он обозначает только разрешение, в отличие от may, означающего кроме разрешения в настоящем возможность совершения действия. Форма might используется для выражения сослагательного наклонения и значения “должно быть”.

He may come – Возможно, он придет

Tell him, he may come - Скажи ему, что он может придти(я разрешаю ему)

He is allowed to come - Ему разрешается придти

He was allowed to come - Ему было разрешено придти

He will be allowed to come - Ему разрешат придти

He might come – Он, возможно, придет (он бы пришел)

He might have come – Он, возможно, уже приходил.

should – следует, ought to – должен

Обратите внимание, что ought to – единственный модальный глагол, после которого инфинитив глагола употребляется с частицей to.

This device ought to be repaired.

Известно, что глаголы to be, to have являются многофункциональными. Как определить в каком сказуемом они – эквиваленты модального глагола? Если после to be, to have (в любом времени) следует инфинитив другого глагола с частицей to, то в таком случае имеют значение долженствования, т.е. они заменяют глагол must.

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ: Данное правило не относится к глаголу – эквиваленту to be, если подлежащим в предложении являются слова типа: task, problem, aim, etc. в таком случае to be является глаголом связкой и может вообще не переводиться на русский язык

Our task is to get the best characteristic.

EXERCISES

VIII A-1. Определите, какие сказуемые имеют в составе эквиваленты модального глагола must

had worked out	has to be worked out	am reading
was to read	will have to produce	has to tell
are producing	will have read	had to come
am to be given

VIII A-3. В данных предложениях выделите сказуемoe: поясните их значение:

1.We shall have to work out an experiment in which we shall be able to keep the particles in plasma.

2. You ought to know that the term equilibria applies equally well to many physical phenomena.

3. We are to consider all advantages аnd disadvantages of this proposal.

4. They had to resort to more rigid terms.

5. Engineers may take certain steps to reduce tension.

6. We can take into consideration the law of conservation of energy.

7. He is to graduate from the University with Honours.

VIII A-4. Определите залог сказуемого в данных предложениях, переведите их на русский язык.

1. This library is to serve some specific group of people.
2. Some specific groups of people are to be served by this library.
3. Special libraries must have limitation in subject scope.
4. Special libraries must be limited in subject scope.
5. Your report has to take into consideration the proposed option.
6. Your report has to be taken into consideration while proposing new option.
7. Professional libraries can present the exhaustive data on the inquired problem.
8. Professional librarians can be and must be present in a special library.
9. The typical special library may be visualized as a small one in staff size.
10. An organization may maintain a collection of materials needed by its employees.

VIII A-5. Определите значение модальных глаголов, переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. This researcher can borrow these books tomorrow. 2. He may be at the lab now. 3. I needn't check up the results. 4. I'm sure we can come to an agreement on this problem. 5. May I take these books with me? 6. Can you put it down for me? 7. You mustn't bring up any of your conclusions until you get these data checked twice. 8. Does he need to write a thesis? 9. There is no sense in this statement. It must have been made by some dilettante. 10. How dare you speak to me like that? 11. I’m sure you can complete this experiment on your own. 12. You may come in and wait here. 13. Must I reload this time? 14. Need you report it in detail? Skip a bit. 15. If we start earlier we can still find the mistake. 16. I daren't tell him the whole truth. 17. Do you know where the system operator is? - I'm not sure, she may be in the library. 18. You needn't give the answer now, take time to think it over. 19. He must feel on top of the world after that he has been awarded for that book. 20. Well, can we start our discussion now? 21. I must finish this work today. 22. How dare you shout at me.

****Read the following jokes. Explain the meanings of the modal verbs and translate the jokes into Russian.

1. Father. How did Jimmy do in his history examination?

Mother. Oh, not at all well. But the poor boy is not to blame. He had to answer questions they oughtn't to have asked him. They asked him things that happened before he was born.

2. Billy. Why should I wash my face, Ma?

Mother. Because it's dirty.

Billy. But couldn't I just powder (пудрить) it like you do?

3. "My poor fellow," said a kind old lady giving a quarter to a beggar. "It must be terrible to be lame (хромой), but just think how much worse it would be if you were blind".

"You are right, madam", agreed the beggar, "when I was blind I was always getting false coins".

4. "I hear your sister is sick in bed, Bobby," remarked a neighbour. "Could you tell me what's the matter with her?"

"We were playing a game seeing who could lean (высовываться) the furthest out of the window, and she won".

Module B.

Reading

Look at the picture of a woman. Are you ready to share a flat with this type?

You are going to read a magazine article about two people who shared a flat. For questions 1-7, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

1. The writer of the passage wished she had Sam's job. she was called Sam. she looked like Sam. she was an art student. 2. In the mornings Sam used to take a long time to put on her make-up. get ready for work very quickly. choose her clothes carefully. lie around before going to work. 3. The writer went back to sleep in the mornings because she couldn't face the day ahead. she was always tired. she always went to bed late. she had no reason to get up. 4. The writer got to work late because she always had a big breakfast. she spent a long time getting ready. she wasn't keen on her job. she didn't get up in time. 5. Eventually the writer left her job because she wasn't very good at teaching. her employer dismissed her. she got married. she knew she couldn't get to work on time. 6. The writer felt that Sam was too tidy for her. a very fortunate person. a good person to share a flat with. unsympathetic towards her. 7. What do we find out about the writer of the passage? She didn't get on with her flatmate. She lacked self-confidence. She paid great attention to her appearance. She was a well-organised person.

WHEN I was twenty-one, I came to live in London. I shared a damp basement flat with a beautiful ex-art student from Brighton. Her name was Sam. She had long brown hair and a slim figure that I was madly jealous of. She ate three chocolates bars for breakfast every morning.

I used to lie in bed looking at her eating and getting dressed, wondering how she could possibly consume so much sugar without losing her teeth, her figure or her complexion. She'd put on her make-up in under a minute, throw on whatever clothes happened to be lying around the room, and rush off to work looking like a model on the cover of a fashion magazine. Like me, she was just an art teacher in a secondary school.

ON the other hand, I used to put on weight if I even smiled at a bar of chocolate. I'd already lost several upper teeth, my face was spotty, and I looked like a heavyweight boxer whatever I wore.

M Y morning reaction to Sam was always the same. I'd shut my eyes, pull the blankets up over my head and force myself back to sleep. I knew that I really ought to get up too and make use of the early start to have a shower, iron my blouse, polish my shoes,

paint my nails and eat something for breakfast.

BUT I have never been what you'd call a morning person. The teaching job I was doing at the time was the only period of my life, thank goodness, that I've had to be anywhere by 8.30 a.m. Anyway, I needed a few extra comforting dreams after the shock of seeing Sam looking so beautiful. Going back to sleep to shut everything out, and using my bed as a favourite means of retreat became an addiction - my worst habit.

OF course, I overslept and was late for work every single day of the week. Eventually I was told if things didn't improve I might be given the sack. So I gave up my job, and soon after I got married. I blame it all on Sam and her beauty.

Talking points

1. If you wanted to share a flat with another person, what sort of person would you choose?
2. Would you be an easy or a difficult person to get on with? Why?
3. Retell the text

a) as it is b) as if you were Sam

Unit IX

Module A. Неличные формы глагола и их простые функции в предложении (Non-finite Forms and their Simple functions in Sentence)

Все сказуемые, которые -мы изучали до настоящего момента, были личными формами глагола. В английском языке существуют также и неличные формы глагола.

0. Основное отличие неличных форм глагола от личных состоит в том, что неличные формы глагола не могут образовывать сказуемое самостоятельно, они входят в него лишь как компонент наряду с глаголами в личной форме.
1. Кроме того, почти все неличные формы могут выполнять функцию любого другого члена предложения, а именно: подлежащего, дополнения, обстоятельства, определения.
2. Третье отличие неличных форм заключается в том, что у них есть только два параметра: вид и залог, категория времени у них отсутствует. Определение вида и залога происходит по тем же правилам что и у личных форм. Итак, в английском языке существуют 3 неличные формы глагола:

1. Инфинитив с частицей to (to work/to take)
2. Причастие I - форма с -ing- окончанием (working/taking)
3. Причастие II - 3-я форма глагола; у правильных гл. с окончанием -ed: у неправильных - определяется по таблице (worked/taken).

Чтобы правильно перевести эти формы на русский язык, необходимо уметь определять их параметры, находить в структуре англ. предложения и знать каким членом в предложении они являются.

Определение параметров неличных Форм

Как мы уже говорили, неличные формы глагола имеют 2 параметра вид и залог. Они определяются, также как и у личных форм. Например, у следующих форм:

1 инфинитивы	2 причастие 1	3 причастие II
to ask	having asked	asked
to be asked	having been asked
to have asked,	being asked
to have been asked,	asking
to be asking
*to have to go	*having to go

Формы to have asked, to have been asked, having asked, having been asked являются перфектными, а форма having to go, хотя и содержит to have, не является Perfect, т. к. после -ing стоит частица to. Форма to be asking является Continuous, а формы во втором столбике тоже содержат -ing- компонент, но не являются Continuous: т.к. -ing- компонент здесь первый, он является признаком неличной Формы, а не признаком вида. Остается неличная форма asked - причастие. Необходимо запомнить: причастие II имеет только одну форму. Это всегда страдательный залог passive и всегда неопределенный вид indefinite.

Таким образом, мы можем сделать вывод, что только инфинитив имеет вид Continuous. Формы being asked, asking, to ask, to be asked не являются ни Perfect, ни Continuous, значит они Indefinite.

Определим залог у этих форм. Формы to be asked, to have been asked, having been asked, being asked являются Passive, т.к. содержат оба признака пассива: глагол tо be + 3-я форма глагола. Остальные формы не содержат совокупности этих признаков. Исключение составляет форма asked – это причастие II, которые всегда употребляются в страдательном залоге.

EXERCISES

Определите вид и залог следующих форм:

IX A-1. (develop - развивать)

developing	been developed	to develop
to be developed	to be developing	having been developed
to have developed	developed	having developed
having to develop

IX A-2

written	having been written	to have written
writing	being written	having to write
to be writing	to write	having written

IX A-3 (melt - растапливать, таять)

to be melting	melted	having been melted
melting	being melted	to have melted

IX A-4 (land - посадить, сесть на землю, приземлить(ся))

landing	having been landed	to be landed
to land	being landed	has to land

Определение функций неличных форм в предложении

Вспомним члены предложения в английском языке:

3. Subject (подлежащее)
4. Predicate (сказуемое)
5. Object (дополнение)
6. Adverbial (обстоятельство)
7. Attribute (определение)

Неличные формы глагола могут употребляться в любой из этих функций, в отличие от личных форм, которые используются только в роли сказуемого (P)

Рассмотрим конкретно в каких функциях неличные формы употребляются.

Определение подлежащего(s) и обстоятельства(adv), выраженных неличными формами.

Рассмотрим примеры: (retrieve - восстановить, сохранить)

Retrieving the necessary information from the WEB will take much time.

Retrieving the necessary information from the WEB researchers can find an answer in every field of human knowledge.

To retrieve the necessary information from the WEB is to take a series of certain steps.

To retrieve the necessary information from the WEB the researcher should take a series of certain steps.

Retrieved information can be seen on a screen in pictures, letters, graphics, etc.

В первом предложении подлежащим может быть только Retrieving.

Во 2 предложении подлежащее - researchers, значит Retrieving - обстоятельство(Adv).

В 3 предложении находим сказуемое - is to take - затем подлежащее - to retrieve

В 4 предложении подлежащим является the researcher, значит to retrieve - обстоятельство(инфинитив цели)

В 5 предложении подлежащее - information, а retrieved - определение.

Иногда перед неличной формой глагола, являющейся обстоятельством может стоять союзное слово:

when когда	while в то время когда
after после того как	before перед
till(until) до, пока не	on при(когда)
provided при условии если	if если