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Практикум по определению частей речи

Наиболее употребительные суффиксы.

Суффиксы существительных

1) Суффиксы, образующие существительные, обозначающие производителя действия или предмет, с помощью которого оно производится:

-er, or

to heat – heater, to read – reader, to use – user

а также некоторые другие случаи: Londoner, donator, sponsor, server

-ant, -ent : to assist – assistant (помощник), to serve (служить) – servant (слуга)

-ist (указывает на профессию лица, на принадлежность к политическому или научному направлению):

typist, specialist, Baptist, medievalist, socialist

-ian, -ese (указывают на национальность или на принадлежность к городу):

Russian, Japanese, Lebanese, Ephiopian

-ian (указывает на профессию лица)

mathematician (математик), physician (врач)

2) Суффиксы, образующие отвлеченные существительные, обозначающие общие понятия (процессы, состояния, свойства, качества и т. д.). Такие существительные образуются от глаголов, прилагательных и существительных:

-ion, -tion, -ation, -sion, -ssion

to connect (соединять ) – connection (соединение), to communicate (сообщать) – communication (сообщение)

-age :to assemble (собирать) – assemblage (сборка), to clear (очищать) – clearage (очистка)

-ment : to arrange (устраивать) – arrangement (устройство), to measure (измерять) – measurement (измерение)

-ure : to press (давить) – pressure (давление), to seize (захватывать) – seizure (захват)

-ance, -ence : to depend (зависеть) - dependance (зависимость), to differ (различать) – difference (различие)

-ing (образует отглагольные существительные):

to begin (начинать) – beginning (начало), to cool (охлаждать) – cooling (охлаждение)

-ness : dark – darkness, effective – effectiveness

-ity : similar – similarity, special – speciality

-th : wide – width (ширина), strong – strength (сила)

-dom : free – freedom, wise – wisdom (мудрость)

-ism : social (социальный ) – socialism, real (действительн) – realism

-hood : brother – brotherhood (братство), child – childhood (детство)

-ship : fellow (товарищ) – fellowship (товарищество), friend – friendship

Суффиксы прилагательных

1) Суффиксы, указывающие на наличие соответствующих качеств и свойств. Такие прилагательные образуются от глаголов и существительных:

-able, -ible : to adjust ( приспосабливать) – adjustable (приспособляемый), to move (двигать) – movable ( подвижный)

-ant, -ent : to differ (различаться) – different (различный), to depend (зависеть) – dependent (зависимый)

-ive : to act (действовать) – active (деятельный), to create (создавать) – creative (созидательный)

-al : industry – industrial, element (стихия) – elemental (стихийный)

-ful : harm – harmful, use (польза) – useful (полезный)

-en : wood – wooden, gold – golden

-ic : economy – economic, magnet – magnetic

-ous : mountain – mountainous, advantage (преимущество) – advantageous (выгодный)

-y : dirt – dirty, storm – stormy

-ly : day – daily (ежедневный), friend – friendly

2)Суффикс, указывающий на отсутствие соответствующих качеств и свойств:

-less : harm – harmless, truth – truthless (ложный)

3)Суффикс, указывающий на наличие признака в слабой степени или на принадлежность к национальности:

-ish :white – whitish (беловатый), old – oldish (староватый)

Суффиксы глаголов

Следующие суффиксы образуют глаголы от прилагательных и существительных:

-en (непродуктивный суффикс): deep – to deepen, fast – to fasten укреплять

-fy (малопродуктивный суффикс): intense – to intensify

-ize (продуктивный суффикс): crystal – to crystallize

Суффиксы наречий

Наиболее распространенным продуктивным суффиксом наречий является суффикс -ly. Этот суффикс обычно присоединяется к прилагательным и образует наречия образа действия.

practical – practically, bad – badly, easy – easily, immense – immensely

Суффикс -ward(s) указывает направление:

inward	внутрь
onward(s)	вперед
forward(s)	вперед
upward(s)	вверх
eastward(s)	на восток

EXERCISES

III A-7. Определите, какая часть речи выражена формулой: 

Xer, Xing, Xion, Xal, Xity, Xdom, Xation, Xage, Xfy, Xiant, Xently,  Xist, Xment, Xism, Xable, Xhood, Xful, Xent, Xy, Xish, Xless, Xful, Xness,  Xise, Xfy, Xhood, Xent, Xant, Xion, Xsion, Xward, Xly,Xing,Xate, Xsive,Xful, Xage, Xish, Xer, Xor, Xist, Xship, Xity, Xal, Xally, Xment. 

III A-8. Определите часть речи:

dependence, existence, priority, variety, classification, verify, independent,  building, activities, performance, enthusiastic, instance, possible, therapist, education, linguistic, legislative, evaporator, aesthetic, movable, flexible, responsibility, quantitative, collection, relativist, session, ordinary, library, vision, ferocity, existence, existentialism. 

III A-9. Переведите, пользуясь словарным значением только первых слов в группе:

to extend-extensive-extensible-extension-extensively-extended, library-librarian, to locate-located-location-local-locally, to legislate-legislative-legislation-legislator, move-movable-movement-moving, effect-effective-effectiveness, to communicate-communicative-communication-communicators, act-active-activity-actor-action, serve-service-serviceable, to provide-provision-provider, to know-well-known, able-ability, computer-computerize-computerization, research-researcher, important-importance, to educate-education-educated-educational, establish-establishment, reading-reader-readable, organize-organizer-organization-organizational, to perform-performance-performative-performer,theory-theorize-theoretic-theoretical-theorist, to collect-collector-collection-collective, to respond-response-respondent, distance-distant-distantly, to instruct-instructor-instructions, graphics-graphical-graphist-graphically, access-accessible-accessibility, change-changeable-changeability, deliver-deliverance-delivery-deliverer, to introduce-introduction-introductory, significant-significance-significantly-signify, survive-survival-survivability, process-to process-processor.

Наиболее употребительные префиксы

n- : common (обыкновенный) – uncommon (необыкновенный), trained (обученный) – untrained (необученный)

dis- : ability (способность) – disability (неспособность) , approval (одобрение) – disapproval (неодобрение)

un-, dis и de- : придают глаголам значения противоположного действия: to join (соединять) – to disjoin (разъединять), to centralize (централизовать) – to decentralize (децентрализовать)

non- : metallic (металлический) – non-metallic (неметаллический)

mis- : придает глаголу значение сделать что-либо неправильно, ошибочно: to apply (применять) – to misapply (неправильно  использовать), to calculate (вычислять) – to miscalculate (ошибаться в расчете) 

under- имеет значение недостаточно, ниже, под. Противоположен по значению префиксу over-:  to estimate (оценивать) – to underestimate (недооценивать),  ground (земля) – underground (под землей, подземный)

anti- имеет значение анти-, против-. Часто соответствует русскому противо-: aircraft (самолет) – anti-aircraft (противовоздушный)

co- имеет значение общности действия:  to exist (существовать) – to coexist (сосуществовать)

counter- имеет значение против. Соответствует русским приставкам контр-, противо-:  action (действие) – counter-action (противодействие)

en- присоединяется к существительным и прилагательным, образуя глагол: circle (круг) – to encircle (окружать), large (большой) – to enlarge (увеличивать)

inter- имеет значение между, взаимно: changeable (заменяемый) –interchangeable (взаимозаменяемый)

over- имеет значение сверх, чрезмерно. Противоположен по значению префиксу under-:  to heat (нагревать) – to overheat (перегревать)

post- имеет значение после:  war (война) – post-war (послевоенный)

pre- имеет значение до, перед, раньше. Противоположен по значению префиксу post-:  war (война) – pre-war (довоенный)

re- имеет значение снова, вновь. Нередко соответствует русской приставке пере-:  to collect (собирать) – to re-collect (вновь собрать)

EXERCISES

III A-10. Постройте соответствующую форму прилагательных:

1. I suspect he is not honest. He’s in fact, quite________
2. This arrangement isn’t strictly legal. Some people would regard it as_____
3. Sometimes she doesn’t behave in a responsible manner. She’s quite _____
4. Such a situation is barely imaginable. It’s quite ___________
5. Bob’s not very capable. Actually he is _______ of making sound decisions.
6. This fish hasn’t been cooked enough. It’s________
7. This scheme isn’t very practical, in fact it’s very_________
8. This dates from the war. It’s _________

III A-11. Постройте существительные, пользуясь суффиксами: -age, -hood, -ation, -ion, -ful, -ence, -ency, -ness, -al, -(er)ly, -ment, -ety, -ism, -ity, -ing

I decided this, This is my_______ Don’t be so anxious. Control your _____ Ann is a socialist, she believes in ______ We all want to be happy. We all seek ______ We all agree. We’re all in _______ Who discovered it? Who made this ____? We arrive soon. We’ll be met on ____ I was a child then. That was in my ______ She is absent. Can you explain her_____? I’ll post this. What’s the ______?

Try again. Have another_________ Don’t be so curious, control your_______ Be more efficient, improve your_________ Address this envelope. I’ll give you the _____ I refused their offer. My _______ is final. I warned you. I gave you enough_______ Put it in your mouth. Take one_______ Can you explain it? Is there any ______? Don’t argue. I don’t want any ______here.

Module B.

Listening

Education

Read the following summary, then listen to the tape and fill in the gaps.

The idea remains that students are 1) ……………containers which a teacher fills with knowledge. However, this approach no longer works. The teacher's role is no longer simply to feed information to students. Facts are available in 2) ……………on CD ROMS and on the 3)………… What students need are the 4)…………….to find this information. Cooperative learning encourages 5)……………tolerance and helpfulness towards others. Students work in pairs, in threes and in 6)…………..of four. The teacher is the 7)………not the master. Brett Melville, a pupil, says: "In our>

Reading

You are going to read a text about a new teaching method. Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Cooperative Kids

http://www.kidscoop.org/

The concept of cooperative learning is alien to all of us who were taught the traditional way, but it offers our children the adventure of finding their own answers. Di Lilford reports. If you took a doctor from the 19th century and put her in. modern operating theatre, she would have no idea that to do, but if you put a teacher from the 19th century into a modern> Education consultant Alyce Miller says: "This approach toes not work in today's changing world. We are not caching creative problem-solving. We encourage competition, believing that this brings out the best in people." But this is not so.1____________She goes on to say that the teacher's role is no longer to feed students with information. "The facts are available in libraries, on CD ROMS and on the Internet. What students need are the skills to find this information, to use and to think creatively in order to solve the problems if our world." Miller believes that cooperative learning is the future of education and thinks of it as the best way to encourage responsibility, tolerance and helpfulness towards others. 2____________ In cooperative learning > Aarnout Brombacher, head of the mathematics department at Westerford High School, says: "The incorrect assumption that many people make about cooperative learning is that it is merely group work. It is much, much more. 4____________With this technique, most of the time in the>

spent teaching them these skills - life skills" Brett Melville, a 17-year-old pupil at the school, agrees. "You learn the same material as you would using the normal method, but this way you learn how to work with others at the same time. In our> One teacher, Lynne Gedye, has been using cooperative learning in her> All in all, it seems that cooperative learning turns the > A. Children do not sit in straight rows of desks facing the teacher, but rather face one another to make it easier to share ideas. B. The strong ones coached the weak ones endlessly so that they could participate in the question time too. C. However, she believes that this method is not suitable for all pupils. D. Teaching methods have hardly changed in one hundred years. E. She says that good relationships are the key to effective learning. F. Encouraging children to concentrate on getting the best marks destroys motivation and takes the fun out of learning. G. He adds that it might take longer than simply listening to the teacher lecture, but the students remember much more afterwards. H. It recognises the that pupils do not have the skills to work together.

Vocabulary Practice

1. Look at the words in bold in the text and try to explain them.
2. Fill in the correct word (s) from the list below:

concentrate on	tolerance	participate approach
issues	abandon	merely
motivation	concept	skills

1. Reading and writing are two of the....................... which are considered to be most important in life. (learnt abilities)
2. The Parent-Teacher Association meets month­ly to discuss ……………….concerning the school. (topics)
3. A very complex subject is best taught using a simple……………….(method)
4. When reading a text, language learners need to......................................... the sentence structure and prepositions, as well as the vocabulary. (pay full attention to)
5. Teaching a subject in a lively, interesting way increases a student's……………..to learn. (willingness)
6. Miss Dean has so much that she can handle even the most difficult of students. (patience)
7. Many teachers want to…………continual testing and concentrate more on teaching. (stop doing)
8. If you want to in this game, you must listen to the instructions first. (take part)
9. Arithmetic is ….…..the introduction to advanced mathematics, but it must be learnt thoroughly. (just)
10. The…………………………..of formal examinations dates back to ancient China. (idea)

3. Fill in the correct word's) from the list below. Use the words only once.

education	to go on	to share	to feed
life	to tear	operating	changing
to solve	to work	mathematics	cooperative

1	…………………..learning	7	ideas
2	………sb with information	8	in pairs
3	theatre	9	a(n) world
4	skills	10	the problems
5	………………consultant	11	department
6	…………… to say	12	my hair out

4. Underline the correct item.
1. A new teacher is joining our English part/department/section this term.
2. Cookery is a useful subject for girls and boys like/alike/likely.
3. My brother, who speaks fluent French, coached/studied/practised me in the subject before the exam
4. The student paused/stopped/ended before answering the question.
5. Her teaching process/technique/way involves getting to know each student's needs.

5. Fill in the correct preposition, then choose any five items and make sentences.

1) alien …….sb; 2) to concentrate ……..sth; 3) to feed sb ……sth; 4) to be responsible ……sth/sb; 5) to share sth …… sb; 6) to be the key ……sth; 7) to participate …….sth; 8) to discuss…… sb; 9) to be important ………sb/sth; 10)……….detail; 11) all … ……all; 12) ……. my own; 13) to be suitable ………sb/sth

Talking Points

1. Read the text again and make notes under the following headings, then talk about cooperative learning.

students’ role teacher’s role benefits classroom layout

2. What skills do the pupils gain from cooperative learning? Would you enjoy being taught this way?

UNIT IV

Module A. Образование вопроса

Сказуемое в вопросительном предложении

В английском вопросительном предложении перед подлежащим стоит глагол. Часто все предложение начинается с этого же глагола.

Если в предложении сказуемое имеет однозначные признаки, то его первый компонент следует поставить перед подлежащим: is, must, has, will и т.д. - Модель 1

Не забудьте, что еще левее, перед компонентом сказуемого, может стоять *wh* - слово: who - кто? what - что? какой? why - почему? where - где? when - когда? whose - чей?.

Отрицательная форма сказуемых, образованных по Модели1 образуется с помощью добавления частицы not к первому компоненту, например:

Не cannot speak French fluently. We are not to come so early.

Wh-word/how	(far, long, much, many)	1-й компо- нент сказуе-мого	подлежащее S	2-й компо- нент сказуе-мого	3-й компо- нент сказуе-мого	смысловой глагол в соотв. форме
What		will	Mary	have	been	doing?
How many days		have	the lessons	been		attended?
		Were	they	being		taken (care of)
Why		is	your Mom			calling?

EXERCISES

Модель 1

а) Постройте вопросительные предложения по модели 1. Образуйте отрицательную форму.

IV А-1 He is a good student My sister is a librarian She will come here in the evening	IV А-2 I shall visit this exhibition next Sunday We have invited her to our party He has invited us to the party
They are dancing the twist We are singing an English song	She should do this exercise. That girl can speak English
They ought to stop smoking. The boy can read in the original.	Those students must go to the dean's office These employees must present their passport
She ought to be polite	He should be more attentive.
We were asked to wait. They were told to attend this lecture	She was introduced to professor Smith. He will be awarded the prize

Модель 2

Если в сказуемом есть компонент с неоднозначными признаками: -s, -es, то перед подлежащим следует поставить does - Модель 2.

(Смысловой компонент сказуемого такое окончание теперь не имеет).

	S	P	O
	This interference	affect-s	the experiment badly
Doe-s	this interference	affect -	the experiment badly?

Отрицательная форма сказуемых, образованных по Модели 2 образуется с помощью добавления частицы not к does, например: My colleague doesn't (does not) know about it.

EXERCISES

а) Постройте вопросительные предложения по модели 2. b) Образуйте отрицательную форму.

Не plays tennis	She plays basketball
She wants to see this film	This students visit his mother every week
My friends come to see his parents	He likes to go regularly to the cinema
He reads newspaper while having his breakfast	Mary usually writes letters to France late at night
John speak French well	John watches TV every night
Mary usually invites many friends at her home	Edward paints well Jack loves Julia

Модель 3

Если в состав сказуемого входит компонент с неоднозначным сигнальным признаком - ed (или любой неправильный глагол в Past Simple), то перед подлежащим ставится глагол - did - Модель 3. Смысловой компонент будет иметь форму своего инфинитива без частицы -to: Did you borrow books from the library yesterday?

	S	P	O
	This interference	affect-ed	the experiment badly
Did	this interference	affect -	the experiment badly?

Отрицательная форма сказуемых, образованных по Модели 3 образуется с помощью добавления частицы not к did, например: Students did not take part in this research.

EXERCISES

а) Постройте вопросительное предложение по модели 3. b) Образуйте отрицательную форму.

IV А-5

1. John wrote a new program.
2. The program consisted of different commands.
3. Boolean algebra applied 3 types of statements.
4. The signal increased voltage.
5. This book contained 15 chapters.
6. His mistake resulted in computer breakdown.

IV A-6

Jim produced a new article.

1. This service consisted of an information and two main parts.
2. This number equaled 200 divided by 10.
3. This journal produced sensation.
4. His report attracted everybody's attention

Модель 4

Если в состав сказуемого не входил никакой сигнальный признак, как, например, в I play the piano, то перед подлежащим надо поставить глагол Do. Смысловой компонент остается без изменений.

	S	P	O
	These requirements	affect -	the experiment badly
Do	these requirements	affect -	the experiment badly?

Отрицательная форма сказуемых, образованных по Модели 4 образуется с помощью добавления частицы not к do, например: I do not play the piano.

EXERCISES

а) Постройте вопросительные предложения по модели 4. Образуйте отрицательную форму.

IV А-7

1. We do much housework.
2. Our colleagues work in the building next to ours
3. Children always eat many sweets
4. Our grandparents live in St. Petersburg
5. Various reference books give answer to this question

IV A-8. Задайте вопросы к следующим предложениям (общие без "wh" слов)

1. We recognize the importance of codifying Ethical principles.
2. Ethical dilemmas occur when values are in conflict.
3. We are members of a profession.
4. We have a special obligation.
5. Our department organized resources.
6. They protected each library user's right
7. She strives for excellence in the profession.
8. We will uphold the principles of intellectual freedom.
9. Librarians should respect the principles of intellectual freedom.

Специальный вопрос к подлежащему

Чтобы задать вопрос к подлежащему, нужно на его место поставить вопросительное слово (who/what etc), сохранив порядок слов в предложении:

	S	P	O
	This interference	affect-s/-ed	the experiment badly
	What	affect-s/-ed	the experiment badly?
What kind of interference		affect-s/-ed	the experiment badly?

Обратите внимание, что вопросительные слова who/what требуют окончания –s у смыслового глагола в настоящем времени.

IV A-9 Задайте специальные вопросы сначала к подлежащему, затем к другим членам предложения.

1. We recognize the importance of codifying Ethical principles.
2. Ethical dilemmas occur when values are in conflict.
3. We are members of a profession.
4. We have a special obligation.
5. Our department organized resources.
6. They protected each library user's right
7. She strives for excellence in the profession.
8. We will uphold the principles of intellectual freedom.
9. Librarians should respect the principles of intellectual freedom

Module B.

Listening

Entertainment.

Try to match the following theme parks with their special attractions. Then listen to the tape and see if your guesses were correct.

Universal Studios, America Sentosa, Singapore Legoland, Denmark Alton Towers, the Midlands The Magic Kingdom, Florida

Mickey Mania Parade Energizer Jurassic Park Miniland Volcanoland

Reading

You are going to read a magazine article about theme parks. For questions 1- 10, choose from the theme parks (A - E). The theme parks may be chosen more than once. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A Universal Studios	C Legoland	E The Magic Kingdom
B Sentosa	D Alton Towers

Which theme park:

opened 3 decades ago?		0	A
do visitors have to purchase food in if they want to eat?		1
has gigantic monsters as one of the main attractions?		2
has exotic flowers on display?		3
has smaller versions of historic monuments?		4
can be reached by several modes of transport?		5
has a breathtaking evening show?		6
can you have fun in even if it rains?		7
is good for young and old people?		8
has one attraction which is ideal for hungry visitors?		9
do visitors pay per ride in?		10

Great themes

By popular request, David Wickers reviews some of the world's most impressive theme parks in this week's slot for holiday destinations.

Universal Studios, America's fourth largest theme park, has enthralled 35,000 people a day since it opened 30 years ago. Its latest attraction, Jurassic Park, is a mira­cle of modern engineering with monsters as tall as five-storey build­ings which come so close that you feel convinced they're going to step on you. You can also enjoy a boat cruise through a tropical forest, which ends with a 25-metre highspeed plunge into a dark lagoon. Other attractions include Jaws, E.T. and Back to the Future. Tickets cost $34 for adults and $26 for children under twelve.

The Sentosa theme park in Singapore stands on its own island, accessible by boat, cable car or a 700-metre causeway. One of its most spectacular attractions is Volcanoland, which takes you on a simulated journey to the centre of the earth with half-hourly eruptions and earthquakes. Sentosa's huge aquarium is the largest in Asia, and the gardens, with their 300 varieties of orchid, are a pleasure to wander through. All the rides and attractions are individually priced, ranging from $2 to $4 for adults in addition to the $6 entrance price. Children pay half price.

Legoland is situated near the town of Billund in Denmark, where Lego and Duplo pieces have been made for 64 years. There are two main areas in Legoland. One is Miniland with its miniature models depicting Amsterdam, Copenhagen harbour and an English village, as well as the Taj Mahal, constructed of Lego blocks. The second area contains rides including a sky railway, a mini driving school and an exciting boat ride called Pirateland, all of which are great for kids and, fortunately, are not made of Lego! Admission is about 11 for adults and 10 for children.

Alton Towers in the Midlands is Britain's most popular theme park. The rides, including the Energizer, Thunderloop and Nemesis will make you scream with excitement and are as good as anything Disneyland can offer. There are 125 attractions, one third of them indoors, permitting fun in all weather. Alton Towers' unique attraction is the Chocolate Factory; it never runs out of sweets and fizzy drinks. A day pass is 17 for adults and 13 for children aged 4 to 13.

Walt Disney's Magic Kingdom in Florida is suitable for all ages. It is made up of seven "lands", each with a different theme and has rides ranging from the petrifying Space Mountain (screams are guaranteed) to the more sedate Jungle Cruise and Haunted Mansion. It's also a delight to see Mickey Mouse and his friends signing autographs, posing for photographs and even joining visitors for breakfast! The best attractions at the Magic Kingdom are definitely the daily Mickey Mania parade and the evening fireworks show which are not to be missed. There is also a vast choice of snack bars and restaurants as it is Disney's policy not to allow visitors to bring their own food. The admission price is excellent value for money at $40.81 for adults and $32.86 for children aged 3 to 9.

Vocabulary practice

1. Look at the words in bold in the text and try to explain them.
2. Fill in the correct word from the list below:

Policy destination petrifying fizzy enthralled ranging plunge

Sedate admission accessible convinced depicted

1. After a long journey they eventually reached their…………………(final stop)
2. The children were…………………………. by the lights and colours at the fireworks show. (fascinated)
3. In Volcanoland we felt…………………….. that we were really in the centre of the earth. (certain)
4. The simulated submarine ride began with a 15-metre…………………..to the bottom of the sea. (downwards movement)
5. The new theme park is by motorway. (possible to be reached)
6. The disc jockey at this nightclub plays all kinds of music……………………from reggae to rave. (varying)
7. After eating a lot of chocolate, the children asked for……………………….drinks. (bubbly)
8. The painting the musician playing his violin. (showed)
9. You have to pay 3 to get into the museum. (entrance fee)
10. Some visitors found the visit to the haunted house simply........................ (terrifying)
11. We decided to go for a(n) ………………………… walk around the gardens after we had been on the roller­coaster. (slow and calm)
12. Some theme parks have a(n) …………………………not to allow visitors to bring in their own food. (official rule)

3. Fill in the correct word from the list below. Use the words only once.

to pay	to scream	value	miniature
individually	to pose	cable
tropical	snack	boat

1……………………priced 2………………………..cruise 3…………..forest 4………………..car 5…………………………models

6…………………….with excitement 7……………………….per ride 8……………..for photographs 9…………………………bars 10………………………..for money

4. Choose the odd word out:

FUNFAIR: ride, big wheel, autograph

CINEMA:screen, snack bar, fireworks

DISCO: dance floor, cable car, video wall

RESTAURANT: stage, fizzy drinks, menu

5. Fill in the correct preposition, then choose any five items and make sentence

1) ……request; 2) to plunge ……..sth; 3) to be suitable………… sb/sth; 4) a choice …………sth; 5) to be………..display; 6) to be ideal ……… sb/sth; 7) to go ……….a trip; 8) to wander……………..

Talking Points

1. Read the text again and make notes under the following headings. Then, looking at your notes, describe each theme park.

name location prices special attractions & activities

2. Which of these theme parks would you like to visit? Why?

UNIT V

Module A. Анализ сказуемого с точки зрения категории времени и вида (Tense And Aspect)

Сказуемое в английском языке имеет три основных категории:

1. время - Present, Past, Future = настоящее, прошедшее и будущее

2. вид - Continuous, Perfect, Simple = несовершенный (продолженный), совершенный и простой

3. залог - Active, Passive = активный, пассивный

Категория времени(Tense)

В русском языке существуют 3 времени. В английском языке все глаголы в форме сказуемого могут переводиться также настоящим, прошедшим и будущим.

Как определить, каким конкретно временем надо переводить?

Время в английском предложении всегда определяется по 1-му компоненту.

Начнем с прошедшего:

1. was asked
2. had had
3. worked
4. were being reported
5. did not answer
6. wrote
7. could translate
8. had to come

Все первые компоненты сказуемых 1,2,4,5,7,8 - это формы прошедшего времени. В 3-м сказуемом -ed это признак прошедшего времени у правильных глаголов. В 6-м сказуемом, состоящем из 1-го компонента, мы определяем по таблице неправильных глаголов (если эта форма совпадает со второй колонкой, значит этот глагол переводится прошедшим временем). Все английские сказуемые в прошедшем времени переводят на русский язык также прошедшим временем. (Каким конкретно видом - см. ниже)

На настоящее время

указывают однозначные сигнальные признаки, такие как: is, am, are, has, have, does, do, а также суффиксы: -s, -es, например:

1. is being done
2. has worked
3. am working
4. have been working
5. asks
6. saddle*
7. are connected
8. does not open
9. do not dose
10. light**

* сказуемое без сигнальных признаков мы смотрим по таблице неправильных глаголов. Его там нет, значит, это правильный глагол в настоящем времени ( в прош. +ed).

** это сказуемое мы также смотрим по таблице неправильных глаголов. Оно там есть в первой колонке, значит это - настоящее время. В прошедшем времени этот глагол имеет форму lit (во второй колонке)

Все английские сказуемые в настоящем времени переводятся на русский язык также настоящим, за исключением тех, которые имеют первый компонент have, has. Такие сказуемые, как правило, переводятся глаголом в прошедшем времени при условии если:

- have, has не является единственным глагольным компонентом

- если после него нет частицы to

He has visited me - Он меня навестил

He has to go now - Ему нужно идти

Будущее время

Будущее время определяется по первым однозначным сигнальным признакам, таким как shall, will:

I. shall do

2. will be opened

3. shall have done

4. will not be asking и т.д.

Все английские сказуемые в будущем времени также переводятся на русский язык глаголом в будущем времени (каким конкретно видом - см. ниже).

EXERCISES

Укажите сказуемые в Present V А-1 V А-2		Укажите сказуемые в Past V А-3 V A-4
was constructed am invited shall be done began did not write saw was controlled am provided shall be provoked flew had had have been built	has had will see sees are published had done have been hinged has seen will pass moves are reduced wrote did not support	did not study gave works will go had translated was developed were being constructed passed are taken shall return	did not retract broke trains will fuel has succeeded was created were being equipped attended are powered shall be lifted
Укажите сказуемые в Future		Определите в каком времени стоят сказуемые
V A-5	V A-6	V A-7	V A-8 a) Во всех карточках, приведенных выше, определите время сказуемого. b) Найдите: Поет, написал, придет, будет испытан, делаю, читает, смотрим, был произведён, конструирова-лись
conduct will supply shall provide passed shall have gone were being asked will be translated shall be doing does not translate have involved	contain were being asked will fuel will be shall be moving supported shall provide does not reduce shall take off will have been singing	am going had had does not work will be tested are being done were being constructed shall begin flew was bestows is singing will come have a look

Категория аспекта

Определение вида Perfect (совершенного).

Have, has, had всегда указывают на то, что это -совершенный (законченный) вид, если:

1. этот компонент не является последним компонентом сказуемого
2. после него не идет частица 'to'.
3. этот компонент не является единственным компонентом сказуемого
4. после него стоит глагол в третьей форме (в соотв. с таблицей неправильных глаголов или с окончанием -ed)

Например:

shall have (-) I shall have breakfast does not have( -) He doesn’t have time has (-) Mary has a lot of friends has not done (+) He has not completed his education yet were having (-) They were having lunch at that time yesterday had to do(-) The engeneer had to check the data once again had been written (+) The program had been written by the time they received the instructions

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ: Сказуемые has had, have had, had had - всегда Perfect

Переводится Perfect на русский язык глаголом совершенного вида:

We have completed our work = Мы закончили (нельзя: Мы заканчивали)

We will have completed our work by 6= мы закончим

EXERCISES

Найдите сказуемое в Perfect
V A-9. was having has not done have been housed shall do have to go will have has had had shall have to take does not have had to give	V A-10. were having had not attached have been written shall have has been fueled have to reduce shall have has had had will pass does not have had to call

Определение вида Continuous (несовершенного/продолженного).

Окончание -ing у глагола является признаком несовершенного (продолженного) вида, если этот глагол:

1. не является 1-ым компонентом
2. впереди него имеется глагол to be в одной из личных форм

Например:

is being done (+) The program is being written having completed( -) Having completed his work early he didn’t know what to do. shall be reading (+) Tommorrow at six I’ll be reading this lecture at History Dep. being asked (-) He hated being asked are watching(+) We are watching TV at present

На русский язык переводится обычно глаголом несовершенного вида

I will be translating this article at 5 =Я буду переводить (нельзя: Я переведу)

EXERCISES

Найдите вид Continuous:
V A-ll. am doing being answered were being done will be writing having passed having been read asking was having	V A-12. being stick were being created will be flying having produced having been reduced acting was running am pressing

Определение вида lndefinite(Simple)(простого неопределенного).

Неопределенный (простой) вид определяется методом отрицания: если нет признаков Perfect или Continuous, значит это Indefinite.

Например:

were doing - took+ (He took my book) was done + (The research was done unthoroughly ) have been moved - have taken - have + (I have a computer)

Indefinite переводится на русский глаголом несовершенного или совершенного вида.

I go to the University every day = Я хожу в Университет

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ 1: при переводе сказуемых в Present Continuous и Indefinite на русский язык необходимо в первом случае подчеркивать процесс совершения действия, а во втором - регулярность действия.

I visit my friends very often =Я часто навещаю своих друзей

I’m visiting my friends = Я сейчас у своих друзей

I go to the University every day = Я хожу в Университет

I am going to the University = Я иду в университет

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ 2: сказуемое в Past Continuous лучше переводить глаголом несовершенного вида, а сказуемое в Past Indefinite - глаголом совершенного вида:

I was visiting my friends yesterday = Я навещал своих друзей

I visited my friends yesterday = Я навестил своих друзей

EXERCISES

V A-14 Выпишите сказуемые только в Indefinite.

shall be doing has will come have been translated am doing	had had were having shall have been written does not answer will be going
V A-15. Определите время и вид следующих сказуемых: will be moving had will pass have been contained am drinking has had were watching shall have created does not resist will be flowing shall be attached moved	V A-16. is designing had completed works shall accomplish has swept houses will attach am having will be reading reported, has been translated is passing shall be reducing provided had been retracted

V A-15 Определите аспект и время сказуемых:

was taken, will be taken, had taken, would take, is built, have been built, will have built, built, was being felt, are feeling, will have been felt, were writen, has writen, writes, are being writen, have read, will read, shall have been read, were read, is being seen, am seeing, are seen, saw, had done, will be done, were doing, shall do, make, are being made, made, will have been made, should be going, are gone, goes, has gone, will go, will have left, was left, are leaving, leave, were getting, will be got, has got, am getting. 

V A-16 Переведите сказуемые:

is eating, will eat, was eating, had eaten, shall begin, will have begun, began, shall begin, have blown, were blowing, is blowing, has chosen, will choose, chose,  buys, were buying, were bringing, had brought, has come, came, was coming, will be coming, shall have drawn, has drawn, drew, draws, has found, am finding, have found, knew, will know, gives, gave, is thinking, thought, is keeping

V A-17 Определите сказуемое, его время и аспект, переведите предлжения на русский язык:

1. The most important features specifying the place of articulation of consonants are interior.

2. Chomsky and Halle used the features high/nonhigh and low/nonlow to specify the height of the tongue.

3. The relationship between the two concepts is, however, more complicated.

4. Such widely varying evaluations have influenced different theories concerning the nature of social structure.

5. This phrase expresses the Marxian view that the basic structure of society is economic.

6. In agreement with Jakobson, they had claimed that each feature functions as a binary opposition.

7. For instance, the first segment of the phonological representation of "man" will not include the above-mentioned feature.

8. Linguists are now studying much more intensively than they have in the past the complexities of the interdependence of syntax.

9. Educational psychologists applied themselves to the task of early identification and discovery of talented persons.

10. And in Italy, the Phenomenology circle has centred around Enzo Paci

Module B.

Listening

Places to visit.

Read the following, then listen to the tape and match the numbers with the letters.

old warehouses	is the financial district of the capital
The City	is a perfect example of a new English cuisine
Many London pubs	have been transformed into galleries, shops and clubs
Marco Pierre White's restaurant	has become a meeting place for all kinds of people
King's Road	have been restored to their original Victorian beauty
Soho	offers a variety of chainstore clothing at unique boutiques

Reading

You are going to read a magazine article about London. For questions 1- 7, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

The Spirit of London

London often gives the impression of being more comfortable with its past than its present. From the world-famous landmarks of St Paul's Cathedral, Buckingham Palace and the Tower of London to the traditional and well-loved double-decker buses, the theatres and the many grand hotels, England's capital offers visitors a journey through centuries of history. This journey is even better now that the building works, which covered many historic sites, have been taken down. Newly cleaned and restored build­ings are revealed, and the city looks as if it has been revitalised. The city has also rediscovered its river. The area between the South Bank Arts Centre, which includes the National Theatre, and Tower Bridge, has been brought back to life and the city has found a new heart along the forgotten riverside. As you walk eastwards along the river from Westminster, you will discover that old ware­houses have been transformed into galleries, shops and clubs. Across the river from London Bridge is `The City of London', the financial district of the capital. The City has its own historic delights such as the 15th century Guildhall and churches designed by Sir Christopher Wren. The best way to explore the City is on foot. For instance, you can "walk through the ages", starting from Mourner Street and ending at the modern Lloyd's building on Lime Street. Remember, however, that in London you are never far away from the past; the old-fashioned red telephone boxes are becoming popular again and many London pubs - where a visitor might ask for a pint of bitter - have been restored to their original Victorian beauty. But the capital is not a historical theme park. It is a lively and exciting metropolis which is well-known for its popular culture, music, clubs, street fashion, and visual arts. Today, many of its wide variety of restaurants claim to be as good as in any other European capitals. For example, Marco Pierre White's highly re­commended restaurant at the Hyde Park Hotel is a perfect exam­ple of new English cuisine - unusual, sophisticated and extremely expensive. When it comes to shopping, Covent Garden and King's Road in Chelsea offer a mixture of reasonably priced chainstore clothing and unique boutiques selling everything from rave gear to skateboards. Shoppers with full wallets and more sophisticated tastes should head for Knightsbridge, where Harrods and Harvey Nichols compete to be the most exclusive department store in London. Much of London's energy and originality is now centred in Soho, the city's liveliest and most bohemian area, squeezed in between the department stores of Oxford Street and the bookshops of Charing Cross Road. Soho, once considered one of the dirtiest and most dangerous parts of London, was cleaned up in the early 1980's. Today, with its gurgling cappuccino machines and pavement cafes, it has become a meeting place for all kinds of people from all over the world, whatever the hour of day or night. So, even if you are new to the city, you don't have to try hard in order to experience the real London. Despite its heavy traffic and shaking underground railway, it is still one of the world's greatest and most cosmopolitan cities.

1. According to the first paragraph, what is the most outstanding characteristic of London? the number of hotels the number of historic sites the number of landmarks the number of theatres 2. What has recently happened alongside the river? The area has been redeveloped. A new bridge has been built. New warehouses have been built. Old warehouses have been torn down. 3. The City of London was built by Sir Christopher Wren. is mainly made up of churches. is a museum of architecture. contains different> 4. The new English cuisine is well represented by White's restaurant. only available at the Hyde Park Hotel. available in all London restaurants. not worth the price the diner is expected to pay. 5. What does the writer think of London's shopping facilities? They are too expensive for most people. They provide for a variety of tastes. They are all quite reasonably priced. They don't have enough customers. 6. Before the 1980's, Soho was neat and tidy. popular among foreigners. very crowded. unsafe and unclean. 7. What does "it" in line 46 refer to? Soho London Oxford Street shopping in London

Vocabulary Practice

1. Look at the words in bold in the text and try to explain them.
2. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below:

explore head for experience transform

revealed metropolis claims to be exclusive

sophisticated gear lively restore

1. They have finally decided to that old building into a museum. (change)
2. The children couldn't wait to the woods behind the hotel. (look around)
3. Over ten million people live in the of Buenos Aires. (large capital city)
4. That man the best tour guide in the city. (says he is)
5. Susan would love to be able to afford expensive clothes. (modern and elegant)
6. As it was a hot sunny day we decided to the beach. (go to)
7. That club is very ; only rich people can afford to go there. (restricted to certain people)
8. Without the correct it isn't safe to go rock climbing. (clothes and equipment)
9. The work of the archaeologist the remains of the lost city. (exposed)
10. In order to real excitement, try the "Super Shaker" rollercoaster! (become familiar with)
11. They are planning to the old church. (repair)
12. London has many……………………………….pubs and clubs. (interesting, exciting)
3. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the words only once.

Sophisticated to give pavement department

meeting historic cosmopolitan a pint

gurgling visual highly heavy

grand reasonably to bring full

1 the impression of 2 sb/sth back to life 3 hotels 4 stores 5 a place 6 ………………of bitter 7... cappuccino machines 8......................arts

9 …………recommended 10 ………….sites 11 ……………..traffic 12 ……………….priced 13 ……………………wallets 14 ……………………tastes 15 …………………..cafes 16 …………………………cities

4. Underline the correct item
1. On the way to Greece, we (stopped, broke, interrupted, paused) in Hungary for three days.
2. They went on a two-day (journey, trip, voyage, tour) to Majorca.
3. The pyramids are of great (antique, ancient, old, historical) importance to archaeologists.
4. This morning I received a holiday (leaflet, prospectus, handout, brochure) from the travel agent's.
5. We dived off our yacht and swam to the (coast, bank, shore, seaside)..
6. The tourists bought tickets for a(n) (excursion, expedition, sightsee­ing, travel) around the town.

5. Fill in the correct preposition(s), then choose any five items and make sentences.

1) to be transformed sth; 2) to go……foot; 3) to be far………..sth; 4) to ask ………….sth (enquire); 5) to ask……….sth (request); 6) to be well-known sth; 7) to have a variety…………….sth; 8) to be an example…………..sth; 9) to worry sb/sth; 10) to boast......sth; 11) to travel………….plane (but: to be……………….a plane); 12) to travel…………..taxi (but: to be a taxi); 13) to be...... a bike; 14) to provide........sth

Talking Points

1. Read the text again and make notes about the changes which have been made to the following places in London, then talk about them.
   historic sites along the river the pubs soho
2. Is London similar to or different from your capital city?
3. What could a tourist see in your capital city?

UNIT VI

Module A. Анализ сказуемого с точки зрения категории залога (Voice)

В английском языке, как и в русском, существуют 2 типа залога: Active (активный) и Passive (пассивный) Voice(Залог) - отношение между подлежащим и дополнением в предложении. Эта взаимообусловленная связь выражается с помощью сказуемого.

Как определить какой залог будет иметь сказуемое?

Если подлежащее является непосредственным исполнителем действия и это действие направлено на дополнение, то сказуемое будет иметь активный залог (Active Voice). I read the book. Я читаю книгу. Если же непосредственным исполнителем действия является дополнение и действие направлено на подлежащее, то сказуемое будет иметь пассивный залог (Passive Voice). The book is read by me. Книга читается мной Если мы используем пассивный залог, то нас может не интересовать производитель совершаемого действия, поэтому дополнение с предлогом 'by опускается. The test is being conducted. Испытание проводится.

В предложении с Passive Voice, подлежащим может становиться как прямое, так и косвенное дополнение.

S	P	O(dir)	O(ind)
They	gave	the book	to me
The book	was given		to me (by them)
I	was given	the book	(by them)

Существует 3 способа перевода Passive Voice на русский язык; с помощью:

1) глагола 'быть' в прошедшем или будущем времени + краткое страдательное причастие
It was done = Это было сделано

2) возвратного глагола (-ся /-сь)

The work is being done =Работа делается

3) неопределенно-личного предложения (из двух главных членов есть только сказуемое, которое всегда стоит в 3 л.-мн. числа)

The experiment is conducted = Эксперимент проводят

EXERCISES

Переведите всеми возможными способами:

1. Students were given dictionaries.

2. This article is being translated.

3. A 12-story building was being constructed on the square.

4. An interesting problem will be discussed at the conference.

5. The journal has been printed.

6. Data are being programmed.

Как распознать Passive Voice?

Для этого необходимо два условия: 1) чтобы в состав сказуемого входил глагол to be в любой форме: (to)be, am, is, are, was, were, been 2) последний компонент сказуемого был бы в 3-й форме или с окончанием -ed is doing- must create- had been read+ am done+ is to be- was to come*- * Смотрим такой глагол по таблице неправильных глаголов. Если у него совпадают 1 и 3 формы то в Passive Voice после частицы to должен быть глагол be: was to cut-, was to be cut+

EXERCISES

VI A-l. Укажите Passive или Active
have worked - are to write were asked will be revised is being connected was computing have been done will have been doing has done	were produced is being read are to come had been developed was being translated had opened am invited is to send has been done
VI A-2. Определите время (Tense), вид (Aspect), залог (Voice). will have seen was sung am being watched is to see had been opened is being occupied had crashed is told am to decide will have been developed had to come is read	is being reported have has been carried out were has had had done had been done will correspond will be translated speaks am reading was being completed

VI A-3. Выпишите из VI А-2 все сказуемые в Passive. Оределите, какое одно из нижепреведённых подлежащих подходит к этим сказуемым:

results/research/ researcher (пример: Researcher speaks - Исследователь говорит)

VI А-4. Переведите на английский язык всеми возможными способами:

Статья переводится

Статью переведут

Статья будет переводиться

Статья была переведена

Статья переводилась

Особенности Passive Voice

В русском языке страдательный залог образуют только переходные глаголы, т.е. прямое дополнение становится подлежащим в таком предложении. В английском языке страдательный залог образуют не только такие глаголы, но также и глаголы, после которых следует дополнение с предлогом:

The monitor was sent for (to sent for a monitor). За старостой послали.

The results were often referred to (to refer to results). На эти результаты часто ссылались.

The children are taken care of (to take care of children). О детях заботятся.

Каков алгоритм перевода?

S P 1 The research has been much spoken about 2 They have spoken about the research 3 Они говорили об исследовании 4 -- Говорили об исследовании 5 Об исследовании говорили